Roman City Planning - 1646 Words

Roman City PlanningÂ… The design and structure of a city is as important as the people who dwell within her walls. The placement of streets and the structures built there are carefully plotted for optimal use. Foot and cart traffic, fire hazard, and access to water were all key factors in city planning. Eventually the Romans had fine tuned their design principals in such an advantageous way that they molded all of their city states similarly. Rome developed from the combination of small farming communities around a hilltop fortification. The city, which was founded before regularized city planning, consisted of a confusing maze of crooked and gnarled streets. The focal point of which was the citys forum, the main meeting place and†¦show more content†¦Roman temples were not only built in the forum, but throughout the city and countryside too. The placement of temples were many times left open to the whims of the wealthy financier. (Nicholas, 9) In Rome, the majority of citizens lived in insulae, street-front shops and workshops with living quarters behind and above them, which together comprised a city block encasing an open courtyard. These crudely constructed dwellings were often part of densely populated neighborhood just outside the citys center and many times Zito 5 lacked sanitary basics such as running water, lavatories, or heat, and were dangerously constructed of wood and brick Ââ€" making them vulnerable to fire, and liable to collapse. (Discovery Channel) Augustus limited the height of insulae to no more than five stories. Later, Nero imposed fire regulations because of their penchant for facilitating the spread of flame due to their close proximity to one another across roads. At the time Romes fire fighters employed a chain of men passing buckets of water to deliver onto the fire. (Morris, 44) Nero, after a large fire in 64 AD, tried to rebuild the city in a more planned manner. However, Even the disastrous fire had not given the town-planners space enough to provide their Metropolis with the regularity and ease of communications which the city so desperately needed. The fire had left only four of Romes regions untouched; three had beenShow MoreRelated Roman City Planning Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesRoman City Planning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The design and structure of a city is as important as the people who dwell within her walls. The placement of streets and the structures built there are carefully plotted for optimal use. Foot and cart traffic, fire hazard, and access to water were all key factors in city planning. Eventually the Romans had fine tuned their design principals in such an advantageous way that they molded all of their city states similarly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rome developed from the combination ofRead MoreUrban Planning And Design Of Urban Cities Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesCities are characterized by the patterns of streets and squares that define their arrangement, a concept that undergoes frequent changes since the establishment of cities 10,000 years ago. There are multitude factors that influence such changes with system of government, values, population size, values, artistic sensibility, building methods, design techniques, paving techniques, military considerations, and transport technology being the main determinants. Medieval architectural designs emphasizedRead MoreThe Urban Setting Of Pompeii1247 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Ancient Pompeii was a planned city, like countless other Roman cities, military camps and forts. Roman colonies founded on open field sites display Roman grid planning, or Centuriation, at its most elaborate such as at Cesena, Padua, and Florence. Here, at Pompeii, a famous Italian town in antiquity because of its excellent preservation caused by the volcanic explosion of Mt. Vesuvius during the first century AD. The streets, canals, agriculture plots and public spaces were laidRead MoreThe Civilization Of Ancient Rome1366 Words   |  6 Pagesa Patriarchal King who exercised power check by the elders. III. Greeks a. Romans got there alphabet from the greeks i. As well as architecture and art forms IV. Etruscans a. Got their influences from the greeks i. Changed their ways to suit their own needs and way of life ii. Were open to women having a sense of leadership or power V. From Republic To Empire a. War and agriculture remained the chef occupations for romans for 2 centuries b. This changed in 265 BCE after completing the absorptionRead MoreThe Contributions Of The Ancient Greeks And Romans754 Words   |  4 PagesThe contributions of the ancient Greeks and Romans still influence our modern world. Greece was the birthplace of: World famous mathematicians: Thales of Miletus-Thales Theorem, Pythagoras of Samos, who coined the term, mathematics, (that which is learned.) As well as Pythagoras’s Theorem, A (2) +B (2) =C (2) Euclid (Eukleides)of Alexandria, treatise on geometry, the Elements. Origins of Architecture. Modern skyscrapers are still designed in the image of the great Greek Columns. MathematicalRead MoreRoman Architecture And The Renaissance1277 Words   |  6 PagesRoman Architecture and the Renaissance In the renaissance days, the designers reject the many-sided quality and vertical of the Gothic style for the straightforwardness and balanced degrees of class. Balanced bends, vaults, and the built up solicitations were revived. This reclamation was refined through direct view of Roman leftovers. The renaissance structural planning is the construction modeling of the time frame between the mid fifteenth and mid seventeenth hundreds of years in distinctiveRead MoreAthens And Rome Vs. Rome1391 Words   |  6 Pagesgiving a positive for the community and solving a problem with out spending money. Where the Romans solution is to look at the town or city and to just build more roads. Which will then begin to create a disconnect to its people, creating a different dynamic to the life style of the community. Now the people are designed to act and function in a different way because of how its city is designed. The Romans added more roads to solve the problem but now there is no sense of community with in that areaRead MoreEtruscan And Roman Art History Essay910 Words   |  4 PagesEtruscan And Roman Art The period known as the Roman Republic began with the overthrow of the last Etruscan king and lasted until the death of Julius Caesar. Historically, the Republic was a time of expansion that was accomplished through war and alliances. The expansion of the empire brought about social, political, and economic changes that defined the empire for centuries. The death of Commodus, the son of Marcus Aurelius, marked the end of the Antonine dynasty. The erosion of Roman power becameRead MoreHow The Ancient Greeks And Romans Still Influence Our Modern World869 Words   |  4 PagesIt is important for students to understand how the ancient Greeks and Romans still influence our modern world. Ancient Greece was the birthplace modern mathematics, science, philosophy, architecture, literature, theater, art, architecture, Democracy, Law, and competitive sports. The term mathematics was invented by Pythagoras. It means that which is learned. In turn, mathematical theories were applied to building the great architecture of Greece. The great Greek temples are visual representationsRead More Early Roman History Essays931 Words   |  4 PagesEarly Roman History As Greece reached the height of its prosperity Rome which lye slightly to the west slowly began its rise as a civilization. The Greeks centered their culture around Art and literature whereas opposed to the Romans who settled their culture upon warfare and leadership. Without planning, would rise very steadily as an empire. Shortly before Christ most of the surrounding cities and nations were at peace under Romes rule. Early Romans kept no written records. Their history

Chocolate Is The Pioneers Into The Business Of Making...

Introduction Is it correct to say that a chocolate melts the sorrows away? Well for many of us having chocolates do prove to reduce our sorrows, so it’s fairly common for us to indulge in chocolate stress treatment once in a while. Particularly in times of economic slowdown, it has been observed that the sale of chocolates has shown a significant growth (Chocolate Confectionery Industry Profile, n.d.). During the stress times, people like to drown their sorrows or probably suffocate their sorrows in chocolates and during the celebrations too chocolates ranks amongst the first preference for many people to raise a toast to their celebration (BT Weekly, vol. 57, no. 2613, p. 7). But studying the case of chocolate manufacturer is also no less than an indulgent luxury as it does add many new perspectives to our mind, which probably we have never thought before. Haigh’s Chocolates are the pioneers into the business of making premium chocolates in Australia. The company was incorporated i n 1915, and since then its has been growing and achieving a reputation of the finest handmade chocolate manufacturers in the Australian Markets (Appendix A) Company Background Nearly 100 years after it opened its doors, Haigh’s Chocolates continues to flourish despite rising retail rents, increased labour costs and soaring energy prices combined with declining foot traffic have caused similar businesses to close or contract. The CEO Alister Haigh said, â€Å"Haigh’s Chocolates is not immune to theseShow MoreRelatedIntroduction Of Lindt Chocolate Company Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction Lindt chocolate company started in 1845. David Sprà ¼ngli-Schwarz and Anna Burleson (his daughter), run a little confectionery shop in the old town of Zà ¼rich, and in two years after they added a factory to produced chocolate solid form. After the retirement of Anna Burleson in 1892, the business was partitioned between her son and child. The elder sister, RoAnna Burleson, received the chocolate factory. To raise the necessary finances for his expansion plans, RoAnna converted, in 1899Read MoreSwot Analysis Of Haigh s Chocolates1651 Words   |  7 Pages INTRODUCING TO BUSINESS B ASSIGNMENT BY: WASEEM QAISER STUDENT ID: 11400480 TABLE OF CONTENTS: †¢ INTRODUCTION. †¢ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY †¢ SWOT ANALYSIS †¢ COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE AND POSITIONING †¢ THE MARKETING MIX 4P’S †¢ CONCLUSION †¢ REFERENCES. â€Æ' INTRODUCTION: Haigh s Chocolates is an Australian confectionery industry organization offering astounding chocolate and related items to clients in South Australia, Victoria andRead MoreThe Chocolates, An Australian Confectionery Industry Organization1947 Words   |  8 Pages Haigh s Chocolates is an Australian confectionery industry organization offering astounding chocolate and related items to clients in South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales. The organization is situated in Adelaide, South Australia, where it was established in 1915 by Alfred E. Haigh. Haigh s behaviors free voyages through its manufacturing plant on Greenhill Road. Alfred E. Haigh was conceived in 1877 in Adelaide, South Australia. His first shop, on the Bee locale Corner of RundleRead MoreSwiss Chocolate19949 Words   |  80 Pagesfor them. Chocolate is that sort of tempting item that most of the people can often resist. Old or young, every individual from different ages can not resist its sublime temptation. So, most people cannot resist the temptation of eating chocolates. Let it be a festival or an ordinary snack, chocolate may be there as one of the delicious dishes. The wonder of its taste is so wonderful that it develops even chocoholics like alcoholics. There are some people who even eat a lot of chocolates to get overRead MoreScharffen Berger Chocolate Maker Essay examples4054 Words   |  17 PagesScharffen Berger Chocolate Maker Product Quality and Process Quality Product quality â€Å"Quality is the measure of excellence or state of being free from deficiency, defects, and significant variations, (Nader, 2009). Quality of a product can be mainly assessed from a manufacturer and a customer point of view. From a customer point of view, product quality is perspective as each individual perceives quality differently. Ultimately, product quality is the capability of the product to fulfilRead MoreCoca Col The Business Of Making And Selling Drinks That People Love991 Words   |  4 PagesCoca-Cola is in the business of making and selling drinks that people love, but they want to do it in a way that takes care in the world around us by saving natural resources, cutting down on waste and reducing greenhouse gases. Of course this means looking at their own operations, but at the same time at the whole picture from how they source their ingredients, to what happens after a drink gets enjoyed. So they are working with their suppliers to encourage them to save energy, inventing new packagingRead MoreAnalysis Of Whittaker s As Exporter Of Chocolate Product And Culture Competence As A Contributor Towards Global Success Essay2185 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction This essay will explore the business activities in the field of international business with specific reference to Whittaker’s as exporter of chocolate product to Malaysia and also cover aspects and concepts in international trade. Firstly, an application based on the difference between the New Zealand domestic market and the Malaysian international market will be explained and secondly a discussion on proactive and reactive motives (as international trade drivers) will follow. ThirdlyRead MoreCoca Cola s Success And Expansion928 Words   |  4 PagesIs a common fact that Coca-Cola is very large corporation and it’s been in business for over 129 years. Coca-Cola’s success and expansion has been thanks to their pioneer business methods from coupons, bottling system, ways of distribution to marketing strategies. The main reason this company had ben able to stage afloat during all these years is because Coca-Cola believes it’s its own competition. They are always researching and innovating their own products. Also Coca-Cola has a great marketingRead Moreâ€Å"Marketing Mix (4 P’s) Analysis and Competitors Evaluation: a Study on Pran Group†2966 Words   |  12 PagesBangladesh. It also has the distinction of achieving prestigious certificate like ISO 9001:2000, and being the largest exporter of processed agro products with compliance of HALAL HACCP to more than 70 countries from Bangladesh. PRAN is the pioneer in Bangladesh to be involved in contract farming and procures raw material directly from the farmers and processes through state of the art machinery at our several factories into hygienically packed food and drinks products. The brand â€Å"PRAN† hasRead MoreStarbucks Analysis7510 Words   |  31 PagesThey also have a few weaknesses involved in their business. They have an expensive pricing strategy; they are in an over-saturated market, and changing market trends. There are a few political/legal issues that are related to Starbucks. These issues include: product definition and labelling, health policies regarding caffeine and coffee, and custom regulations and trade policies. Peoples values are changing as they would rather pay a premium for quality coffee as opposed to purchasing cheap

Sexual Assault At Cal Poly San Luis Obispo - 1642 Words

Whether it is walking home alone at night, or going to a party and having some fun on the weekends, sexual offenders will attack because their primary motivators are power, control, and anger. Sexual assault is an ongoing crime on campus at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. It can happen to anyone, male or female, and that is why it needs immediate attention and a plan for resolution. Sexual assault is sexual activity of any kind that does not involve the other person’s consent. Sexual assault includes rape, forced sodomy, forced oral sex, and any form of unwanted sexual touching. Most common types of sexual assault are mostly affiliated with the drugs of roofies or GHB being slipped into a drink. This often appears to happen at college parties. According to research, â€Å"the typical scenario of sexual assault on college campus includes the woman’s drinking at a party and playing drinking games, a situation where she has been given a drink in which the alcohol has been disguised as punch† (Bohmer, Parrot 20). Popular culture depicts college as a place for free booze and sexual conquests, as sensationalized by popular movies like â€Å"Project X† and â€Å"22nd Jump Street.† Consequently, the public medium portray partying and binge-drinking as the typical college and teenage social norm. Oftentimes, college is the first opportu nity for young individuals to live away from home. For many, college is a time of sexual freedom, exploration, and experimentation. According to Julie E. Samuels fromShow MoreRelatedMy Undergraduate Work At California Polytechnic State University920 Words   |  4 Pagesdo my undergraduate work at California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo. Cal Poly was affordable, strong in the sciences and well known for its Learn by Doing philosophy. I received a phenomenal education in science and nutrition helping me feel prepared to begin graduate studies in advanced practice nursing. Prior to Cal Poly, I planned a career in nursing, ultimately deciding that studying nutrition at Cal Poly could provide an excellent foundation. I found nutrition fascinating.Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:

Risk Management of Insurance Companies â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Risk Management of Insurance Companies. Answer: Introduction: Risk management tends to entail numerous set of procedures pertaining to identification of the risk, quantum of the risk that has been identified and the probable adverse repercussions of such risks. In can be observed that in order to facilitate risk mitigation measures, there are certain set of prerequisite factors that are required to be taken into account. Cohen and Martinez (2012) advocated that such factors as the control mechanism prevalent in the organization, the frequency of risk evaluation measures undertaken by the organization amongst others are relevant for an organization. Moreover, one can infer that the prevalent degree of responsiveness pertaining to risk is dependent upon the sector or industry that the organization is part of. For instance, certain form of industries such as marine, insurance, investment finance etc tends to have high degree of exposure to risks as compared to industries such as home decors, food industry etc. One of the primary objectives of insu rance companies is towards revenue generation through providing coverage regarding potential risks. Moreover, it is also pertinent that the insurance companies have adequate sets of safety measures in order to avoid paying out fraudulent claims. Even though policyholders are authorized towards claims made on the actual losses or damages, there is prevalent tendency on the part of a certain segment of insurance consumers towards falsifying their claims. Such clients do this in order to gain insurance claims through damages that are intentional on the part of the clients. In the current study, the evaluation of risks arising out of under-management, mismanagement of claim functions and settlement have been evaluated and the recommendations pertaining to risk mitigation has been undertaken in the current study. The degree of implications of under reserving of claims reserves has been evaluated in light of current academic discussions that are made upon the topic. In terms of claims settlement there has been instances where by the claim reserves have been either overtly estimated or were of lesser size thereby leading to an under reserving. The repercussions as regards to over estimated reserves arises out of the fact that there are several sets of industry norms that tend to facilitate the formation of claims reserves in a manner that actually results in financial losses during a particular financial periods. Discussion: There are three primary functions undertaken by each insurance company, provisions for protection of clients losses, pooling of life and non-life risks coupled with the allocation of risk. Embrechts, Klppelberg and Mikosch (2013) mentioned risk as deviation from expected set of outcomes in a manner that tend to have an adverse impact upon the outcome. This is pertaining to from certain operation that the client believes in. In terms of settlement supervisions, procedures tend to change from one insurance company to another (Ferreira Jr and Minikel 2012). For instance, there is alignment of police verification and personal investigation related to a claim undertaken voluntarily by the company. On other instances, verification statement from the police regarding the nature of occurrence of the insurance, any form of financial irregularities observed in clients financial transactions over recent periods amongst others are taken into consideration. Multinational and intra-national corporations tend to hedge risks pertaining to financial nature onto insurance companies (Grace and Leverty 2012). The complexity in nature of underlying asset and liabilities that are to be covered by insurance companies can be construed as an impediment in terms of determining the authenticity of clients claim. For instance, if a financial instrument has been covered by an insurance agency it can be difficult at occasions to judge whether the losses arising out of such instruments have been caused due to clients deliberation. The insurance companys clients seek to minimize the time duration between the claims made and the settlement made as regards to claims (Hudecov and Peta 2013). However, there requires being variability in claim settlement in the organization based on the instruments and assets upon which the claim is made. The primary reason for damage of properties is unclear at the beginning and thereby for insurance companies the reliance upon rough estimation for initiating settlement proceedings is essential. Moreover, it can be assumed that for insurance companies with inefficient compensating functions, the degree of wrongful claim settlement aggravates by a considerable extent. Thereby, in order to streamline resolving of issues pertaining to deficiencies in settlement authority, it is of importance that proper measures are taken at each stage of claim settlement processes. In terms of initial estimation regarding the insurance claims, the insurance company should hire experts from that particular domain to which the covered asset or liability belongs (Jin and Frees 2013). For instance, in order to facilitate initial estimate regarding the degree of damage caused to an oil tanker, experts that are familiar with marine engineering and ship management are to be hired. Moreover, due to the inheren t nature of insurance products, it is relevant that the insurance contracts takes into account the different contingencies whereby the covered assets can be affected in a negative manner. Thereby, the management of settlement authority in an insurance company is dependent upon the degree to which the insurance company maintains prudence. This is to be done while drawing insurance contracts with clients. Ostrager and Newman (2012) stated that framing and adherence to benchmarks relating to the settlement issues are prerequisite for an insurance company to gauge the degree of performance of the insurance company. The claim function arises in order to facilitate deliverance of the promise that the insurance company makes to its shareholders (Pantelous and Passalidou 2016) . For each insurance company, their primary focus is upon facilitating payments upon first party claims in case assets are met with accidents, damages and payment towards third party in case where there is a default of inconsistency in repayment of liability. Thereby, lacking of capability by the settlement authority can increase the quantum of resentment amongst the clients that in fact deserved settlements whereas it shall aggravate the degree of falsification in insurance claims. The insurance company requires framing efficient claim settlement proceedings that shall be able to facilitate minimizing or avoidance of cost overruns. Moreover, it is relevant on the part of insurance companies that the overcompensation relating to claims are reduced in order to mitigate risks regarding substantial outflow of capital. Pigeon, Antonio and Denuit (2013) advocated that the risks pertaining to under-reserving tend to affect the solvency and liquidity prospects of firms engaged in financial operations. Moreover, Planchet and Tomas (2016) stated that under reserving aggravates the overall risks of bankruptcy and results towards adversely affecting the business. The primary purpose of reserves arises out of the fact that insurance companies acts as a medium for hedging for different set of financial for profit organizations who tend to transfer risks that arises out of their operational activities onto the insurance companies that facilitate their coverage. Thereby, in cases where the insurance companies tends to facilitate pooling of interests and risks, theres a cascading effect on both the insurance company and the defaulting company if the collateral damages is above of what is expected of insurance firms. There tend to be high degree of difference between coverage off industries that6 are hard and t hose that are soft. The high degree of erosion that arise of the accumulated losses from the deductibles results towards severely affecting the solvency and liquidity position of the company. Thereby, there has to be an underlying mechanism that takes into account the degree of capital erosion that is taking place amongst the underlying assets. The primary forms of erosion from such losses can be construed from an instance such as loss out of deductibles, which can be frequent depending upon the claims made. In terms of casualty insurance policies, the insurance company is to compensate to the policy holders in case of damages that they have suffered upon the assets and liabilities covered under insurance policies. The time between the occurrence of damages and insurance and that of claim settlements that tend to vary depending upon the complexity in terms of gauging the losses incurred out of such accidents or damages. The setting up of claims reserve tend to take place after getting the notices as regards to the potentiality in payment of a compensation by the insurance company onto the aggrieved parties in case of asset, life or property damages. Moreover, reserves are also be created by the insurance company towards payments made to third parties owing to damages or defaults in case of liabilities. Under reserving of claims result towards minimizing the overall degree of reserves, which is earmarked for the payment and disposal of claims in a claim settlement. Thereby, any form of in efficiency in terms of gauging the degree of reserves to be kept can have adverse implications upon the financial health of the organization. Gorton, Lewellen and Metrick (2012) stated in the context of upkeep of reserves that insurance corporations requires reinvestment of the policy premiums received from clients as installments in order to facilitate greater degree of revenue generation. This is owing to the fact that the quantum of liquid assets that insurance companies tend to generate is unparalleled by majority of other sectors. The insurance companies tend to capitalize upon high degree of inflow in capital through reinvesting large proportion of such inflows onto financial market at considerably high rate of interest (Embrechts, Klppelberg and Mikosch 2013). Thereby, large number of insurance companies has an additional source of revenue from the interest earned out of the premium amounts accumulated from clients. In this case, the degree of claims reserves have significant impact upon the revenue prospects of the insurance company owing to the effect upon the reserves that are available for lending purposes. For instance, an insurance company tends to have an overall liquid and current asset base of 100 million, and the claims reserves are kept at 30 million. Therefore, the available assets for investment in financial markets and earning of interests tend to be 70 million. When the claim reserves are to be raised to 40 million, the overall liquid assets left for reinvestment onto financial market is at 60 million. Thereby, many insurance companies have an intention towards keeping the claim reserves at minimal and thereby reducing the quantum of liquid assets, that has been earmarked for potential payments to clients, as minimal. There can be several risks arising due to tendency of the insurance company for under reserving its claims. It occurs in many occasions that the initial estimates regarding the insurance claims can be misleading and thereby results in under reserving (Cummins and Derrig 2012). However, when the final settlement pertaining to a claim occurs, minimal reserves tend to result in severe degree of shortage in liquidity. It may so happen that such assets are to be procured out of other sources where such liquid assets were already employed in or where the insurance company has to bear losses as regards to the loss from diverting funds from other operations. In terms of determining the quantum of claims, reserve to be kept at a time for settlement of claims tends to be subjective in nature (Collins, Rasmussen, and Doty 2014). This is owing to the fact that the quantum of funds to be earmarked for claims reserves depends on the judgements of settlement authority at the insurance companies and is highly subjective in nature. Thereby, due to the presence of subjectivity in terms of estimating the amount to be kept onto claims reserves, it is imperative that there tend to be either under assimilation or over accumulation of reserves. The under reserving phenomenon at insurance companies comprises the major reason for deficiency in terms of liquidity of the resources and financial impairments that arises out of having inadequacy in reserves for potential claims. Moreover, the prevalence of reserve cycle is inevitable in each insurance company and thereby the period whereby the insurance company financials are at risk is high probable. This occurs in instances where there is high quantum of under reserving of claims. There can be several factors that determines the inceptions and compositions made in terms if reserves that are made by insurance companies. The degrees of potential financial losses that may arise out of upkeep of reserves such as decline in the rate of surplus pertaining to the financial periods whereby the insurance companies have kept the high quantum of reserves as regards to claim settlement. The earning prospects pertaining to the insurance company that tend to over estimate outcomes of financial claims tend to be negative during the periods post the serving of settlement notices. The actual compensations paid as per the terms of settlement have a variability owing to the degree of unpredictability that arises out of the fact that prediction of claims are barred and are subject to the estimates that the insurance claim settlement agents makes. The under reserving in terms of settlement of claims tend to be have negative repercussions upon the ratings of the insurances as well. This is owing to the fact that large proportion of new and prospective clients seeking insurance policies are referred by an client that pre sently has an insurance policy in the company. Thereby, grievances of a client regarding inadequacy of insurance company in settling claims can have cascading affect upon the number of prospective customer that the insurance company stands to gain in the next few financial periods. On the other hand, it is not irrational to assume the fact that claim reserve that is too high tend to affect the credit ratings as such quantum of reserves affects the revenue generation prospects of the firm in a negative manner. The deficiency in terms of efficient degree of estimation, as regards to different of the size of claim reserves and that of final settlement payments that are to be made, have numerous set of negative implications pertaining to the insurance companies financials. The rise in the difference, between the settlement amount and the reserves that are kept aside for such payments, has adverse policy implication based on whether the settlement processes are to be taken into account. Two situations arise out of such differences: When the claim settlements are lesser than the claims reserves that are kept aside When the actual settlement is more than the reserves In terms of the first situation, it can be inferred that lack of reserves tend to showcases poor liquidity at the time of claim settlement. Thereby, the insurance company, in order to safeguard their reputations as well as influx of prospective clients coupled with the statutory obligation of payment of settlement money requires to take into account all probable contingencies at the time of formation of the reserves. The degree of accuracy in terms of deciding upon the quantum of claims reserves depends upon several factors. Primary amongst them being deciding to what extent historical data has to be relied upon in order to facilitate estimation of current claims reserves. For instance, historically, damages out of car accidents tend to be larger as compared to contemporary policies owing to the fact that the car components in the formative years of the automobile industry tend to have lesser degree of driver and carrier security functions as compared to current periods. However, on the other hand the overall cost of insurance coverage on cars and life insurances has increased substantially. Thereby, it is a trade off between cost minimization and claim maximization in case of settlements as regards to insurance arising out of car accidents. Moreover, it can be observed that in case Moreover, the advent of marine insurance, aviation insurance, logistics insurance coupled with the rising consumption level in each economies resulting in higher levels of coverage upon financial instruments has aggravated the probability of faulty estimation in settlement claims. Thereby, the complexity as regards to estimation of claims has to be mitigated through careful selection of portfolio that is to be insured. This is to be done as due to high degree of complexity in gauging the repercussions of an accident or damages pertaining to a sophisticated asset or sets of financial instruments, there tend to be high degree deviation in the insurance policies. Recommendations: The insurance company requires evaluating the assets and liabilities that it plans to provide coverage In terms of minimizing the probability of under-reserving of insurance claims, the estimates have to take into account current market scenarios coupled with the historical data used In order to mitigate issues pertaining to under reserving better management regarding contingencies are to be taken into account The insurance company requires to implement data analytics in order to facilitate judgments regarding the claim settlement Back ground checks regarding the insurance claims should be strengthened through inclusion of several additional set of parameters The insurance company has issues regarding mismanagement of claim estimation methods regarding the set of assets, properties and liabilities that are to be provided. It happens primarily because the insurance company lacks proficient set of assessors Under reserving in turn results in under collection of premiums, thereby the premiums regarding different set of converges provided are to be taken into account The company requires setting benchmarks as regards to the proportion of reserves to be kept aside for each set of assets and properties. Customized benchmarks based upon the property specifications are relevant for management of insurance. Conclusion: The current study delves into evaluating the different set of factors and risks that tend to arise out of under reserving of claims. The primary risks arises regarding the liquidity pertaining to the company, this is owing to the fact that in case the claim amounts exceeds the liquid assets and reserves earmarked for this purpose, liquidity and solvency issues crops up. The complexity as regards to the properties and liabilities that are being covered results in aggravating the difficulties towards valuation. The valuation methods pertaining to the insurance claims require amendments. This is owing to the advent of quantitative valuation models that tend to provide evaluation upon the claim valuations. The subjectivity as regards to the estimation of claims reserves are to be reduced by bringing in more set of measurements that tend to facilitate valuation based upon several set of objective parameters. The insurance companys operations entail risks mitigation of several sectors and industries that it caters to. Thereby, the pooling of risks entails high degree of financial and risk management capability on the part of the insurance company. Under reserving and lack of adequate degree of analysis, pertaining to the different between the reserves and that of the actual amount to be paid displays the form. Through implementations of the aforementioned recommendations regarding the under reserving of claims, the risk mitigation measures can be undertaken. References and Bibliography: Badila, E.S., Boxma, O.J. and Resing, J.A.C., 2015. Two parallel insurance lines with simultaneous arrivals and risks correlated with inter-arrival times.Insurance: Mathematics and Economics,61, pp.48-61. Beard, R., 2013.Risk theory: the stochastic basis of insurance(Vol. 20). Springer Science Business Media. Biagini, F., 2013. Evaluating hybrid products: the interplay between financial and insurance markets. InSeminar on Stochastic Analysis, Random Fields and Applications VII(pp. 285-304). Springer Basel. Bicknell, W.J., Bleuler, J.H., Blum, J.D., Caulfield, S.C., Grant, G., Gulotta, M.J., Harrington, D.P., Kaplan, S.X., Kelch, B., Michelson, W. and Peters, R.B., 2012.Containing health benefit costs: the self-insurance option(Vol. 6). Springer Science Business Media. 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